The global
steel industry has been going through major changes since 1970.
China has emerged as a major producer and consumer, as has India to a lesser
extent. Consolidation has
been rapid in Europe.
Global steel production grew
enormously in the 20th century from a mere 28 million tons at the beginning of
the century to 781 million tons at the end. Per-capita steel consumption
in the US peaked in 1977, then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to
levels well below the peak.
Bethlehem Steel in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (Closed in 2003) was one of the world's largest manufacturers of steel.
Production of crude steel has risen at
an astounding rate, reaching 1,647 m tonnes by 2017
During the 20th century, the
consumption of steel increased at an average annual rate of 3.3%. In 1900, the
United States was producing 37% of the world's steel, but With post war
industrial development in Asia and centralized investment by
China, by 2017 China alone accounted for 50%, with
Europe (including the former Soviet Union) down to 24% and North America down
to 6%.
For details of country-wise steel
production see Steel production by country.
Growth
potential of the industry - Amongst
the other newly steel-producing countries, South Korea produces
in 2017 71 million tonnes, nearly double Germany; and Brazil 34
million tonnes; all three countries little changed since 2011. Indian
production in 2017 production is just over 100 million tonnes; up substantially
from 70 in 2011 - compared to only 1 million tonnes at the time of its
independence in 1947. By 1991, when the economy was opened up steel production
grew to around 14 million tonnes. Thereafter, it doubled in the next 10 years,
and then it is doubling again, maybe over a slightly longer span.
The
world steel industry flattened from 2007-2009 at 1,300 million tonnes, before
rising again, due to worldwide recession starting in 2008, with its heavy
cutbacks in construction, sharply lowered demand and prices falling 40%.
Showing the impact of that plateau - in 2007 ThyssenKrupp spent $12 billion to
build the two most modern mills in the world, in Alabama and Brazil. They lost
$11 billion on the new plants, which sold steel below the cost of production.
Finally in 2013, the plants were sold at under $4
billion.
Reduction in workforce
A modern steel plant employs very few
people per tonne, compared to the past. In South Korea, Posco employs 29,648
people to produce 28 million tonnes.
During the period 1974 to 1999, the
steel industry had drastically reduced employment all around the world. In USA,
it was down from 521,000 to 153,000. In Japan, from 459,000 to 208,000; Germany
from 232,000 to 78,000; UK from 197,000 to 31,000; Brazil from 118,000 to
59,000; South Africa from 100,000 to 54,000. South Korea already had a low
figure. It was only 58,000 in 1999. The steel industry had reduced its
employment around the world by more than 1,500,000 in 25 years.
Norb
Leahy, Dunwoody GA Tea Party Leader
No comments:
Post a Comment