by Martin D. Weiss,
PhD. July 20, 2015 Money and Markets
Last week, Europe hurriedly offered Greece a new bailout
deal ... the Greek parliament rushed to pass new Draconian reform laws ... the
German parliament did the same ... and the ECB promptly dished out more money
to keep the country's banks afloat. Nearly everyone — lenders, borrowers and
politicians — did exactly what they vowed never to do. Why? Most people think
it's because they want to defend the euro at all costs. True.
But there's more to all this than meets the eye: There are
hidden time bombs that are driving all players down the same old path of more
bailouts and debt pile-ups.
These hidden time bombs have a name: Derivatives. And they
have a number: $630.1 trillion.
That's right. According to the Bank of International
Statistics, at yearend last year, the world's total notional value of
derivatives traded over the counter (outside of organized exchanges) was $630.1
trillion.
That's about eight times the gross domestic product of the
entire planet. It's nearly 47 times the total amount of mortgages outstanding
in the United States. And it's over 34 times greater than the already-huge U.S.
national debt.
So here's the hidden timebomb story in a nutshell:
1. Derivatives are high-risk bets that are extremely
vulnerable to unique events like a collapse of the euro.
2. Major European banks, especially in France, the UK and
Germany, hold huge amounts.
3. Because they're so vulnerable, they feared a Greek exit
from the euro could have hit them much like the failure of Lehman Brothers
struck U.S. and European banks in 2008.
4. There was no way in heck they'd be willing to take that
risk. So they pushed forward with a Greek rescue even though it was totally
contrary to everything they believed and even in direct conflict with
everything many were saying in public.
Remember: Derivatives are side bets made mostly with
borrowed money. They are bets on foreign currencies (like the euro), bets on
interest rates, bets on corporate failures, even bets on bets. The bets are
placed by banks with each other, banks with brokerage firms, brokers with hedge
funds, and hedge funds with banks, just to name a few.
They are often high-risk. And as I just showed you, they're
huge.
Defenders of derivatives claim that these giant numbers
overstate the risk. And indeed, most professional players do hedge their bets.
But that's just one side of the risk.
More Dangerous Than Any Casino
To better understand how this works, consider a gambler who
goes to Las Vegas. He wants to try his luck on the roulette wheel, but he also
wants to play it safe.
So, instead of betting on a few random numbers, he places
some bets on red, some on black, or some on even and some on odd. He rarely
wins more than a fraction of what he's betting, but he rarely loses more than a
fraction either. That's similar to what banks like Citigroup or JPMorgan Chase
have done with derivatives, except for three key differences:
Difference #1. They don't bet against the house. In fact,
there is no house to bet against (which is the key to the problem). Instead,
they bet against the equivalent of other players around the table.
Difference #2. Although they do balance their bets, they do
not necessarily do so with the same player. So going back to the roulette
metaphor, if a major bank bets on red against one player, it may bet on black
against another player. Overall, its bets may be balanced and hedged. But with
each individual betting partner, they're not balanced at all.
Difference #3. The amounts are huge — thousands of times
larger than all the casinos of the world put together.
Plus there's one similarity with the roulette wheel that
implies the greatest risk of all: What if the ball falls on green — the zero or
double zero?
Or, in the parlance of financial risk analysis, what if
financial institutions are confronted with a "Black Swan" event — one
that strikes from out of the blue, that none of the participants anticipated
when they originally placed their bets.
In sum, here are the urgent questions that, despite much
debate, remain unanswered:
1. What
happens if there is an unexpected collapse? (Two prime examples: The Lehman
Brothers failure. Or a sudden exit from the euro by Greece and other Eurozone
countries.)
2. What
happens if that collapse is so severe — or the institutions already so weakened
— it drives some of the big players into bankruptcy?
3. Most
important, what happens if these bankrupt players can't pay up on their
gambling debts?
The authorities often say that these questions are merely
hypothetical and should never be considered seriously. Yet each of these three
supposedly "hypothetical" events took place in last debt crisis:
First, we witnessed the unexpected collapse of the biggest
credit market in the world's largest economy — the U.S. mortgage market.
Second, we witnessed the bankruptcy or near-bankruptcy of
five key players in the derivatives market — Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers,
Merrill Lynch, Wachovia Bank and Citigroup.
Third, we also got the first answers to the last question in
the form of a single statement that hit the international wire services on
October 11, 2008 (italics are mine.):
"Intensifying solvency concerns about a number of the
largest U.S.-based and European financial institutions have pushed the global
financial system to the brink of systemic meltdown."
This statement was not the random rant of a gloom-and-doomer
on the fringe of society. It was the serious, objective assessment announced at
a Washington, D.C., press conference by the managing director of the
International Monetary Fund (IMF).
He was the highest world authority on this matter. He saw
the dangers. And he was not joking. But neither he nor anyone else seemed ready
to answer the most burning, urgent questions it raised for millions of savers:
What is a "Systemic Meltdown"? And How is it
Possible?
Here are the answers:
Definition: A systemic meltdown is a chain reaction of
failures, forcing a temporary global shutdown of banks and financial markets
around the world. Essentially, the global economy comes to a screeching halt,
hopefully for just a short period of time.
Likelihood: Unknown. However, the unmistakable implication
of the IMF's statement is that, by October 2008, so many of the world's largest
banks were so close to bankruptcy, the entire banking system was vulnerable to
this kind of massive collapse.
And the unmistakable nightmare of European officials today
is that the bankruptcy of an entire member nation — Greece — could set off a
similar meltdown.
The most immediate cause: None other than the same
derivatives I'm talking about here. But despite abundant talk of reforms,
little has changed since 2008. Indeed ...
* In the United States, under lobbying pressure from large
Wall Street banks, one of the most critical reforms was postponed until late
2017.
* In Europe, even talk of reform has been, at best, subdued
by complacency and sidelined by the Greek crisis.
Result: We still have a global banking system that remains, as
before, a large, global gambling network without a mechanism to handle
failures.
Ironically, even the Mafia knows how to better handle
gambling networks to avert systemic meltdowns.
In the numbers racket, for example, players place their bets
through a bookie, who in turn is part of an intricate network of bookies. Most
of the time, the system works. But if just one big player fails to pay bookie
A, that bookie might be forced to renege on bookie B, who, in turn, stiffs
bookie C, causing a chain reaction of payment failures.
The bookies go bankrupt. The losers lose. And even the
winners get nothing. Worst of all, players counting on winnings from one side
of their bets to cover losses in offsetting bets are also wiped out. The whole
network crumbles — a systemic meltdown.
To avert this kind of a disaster, the Mafia henchmen know
exactly what they have to do, and they do it swiftly: If a gambler fails to pay
once, he could find himself with broken bones in a dark alley; twice, and he
could wind up in cement boots at the bottom of the East River.
Established stock and commodity exchanges, like the New York
Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board of Trade, or the London Stock Exchange, also
have strong enforcement mechanisms. Unlike the Mafia, of course, the trading is
entirely legal. But, like the Mafia, they fully recognize the dangers of a
meltdown and have strict procedures to counter them.
When you want to purchase 100 shares of Microsoft, for
example, you never buy directly from the seller. You must always go through a
brokerage firm, which, in turn, is a member in good standing of the exchange.
The brokerage firm must keep close tabs on all its
customers, and the exchanges keep close track of all their member firms. So if
you can't come up with the money to pay for your shares or put up the needed
collateral for broker loans, the broker is required to promptly liquidate your
securities, literally kicking you out of the game.
And if the brokerage firm as a whole runs into financial
trouble, it meets a similar fate with the exchange — very, very swiftly!
Here's the key: For the most part, the global derivatives
market has no brokerage, no exchange, and no equivalent enforcement mechanism.
In fact, 100% of the $630.1 trillion figure I cited is
traded outside of a formal exchange. The market for other derivatives, like
options and futures that are traded on organized exchanges is a much smaller —
only $64.8 trillion.
Sure, after the 2008 debt crisis, there was a lot of talk
about moving some of the derivatives to regulated exchanges or equivalent; and
some initial steps were taken in that direction.
But the proportion of regulated derivatives has actually
gone down when compared to the period prior to the debt crisis:
In the U.S., for example, U.S. Comptroller of the Currency
(OCC) reports that, on June 30, 2007, 6.5% of derivatives held by U.S. banks
were traded under regulated exchanges. But here we are, nearly eight years
later, and only 4.5% are traded on exchanges. They have obviously not fixed the
problem. It's actually gotten worse.
Moreover, the data compiled by the OCC and BIS indicate that
the bets are still so large and the gambling is still so far beyond the reach
of regulators, all it would take is the bankruptcy of a relatively less important
player — such as another Lehman Brothers or a small sovereign country like
Greece — to throw the world's credit markets into paralysis.
That's why the world's highest banking officials were so
panicked when Lehman Brothers failed in the fall of 2008. And that's also the
big unspoken reason why Germany and every other country in the E.U. are rushing
to bail out Greece.
Which U.S. banks are currently the most exposed? Based on
first-quarter 2015 data compiled by the OCC, I can give you two very specific
answers:
The first answer is in terms of which banks hold the most
derivatives outside of any formal exchange. (See pdf page 26 of the OCC
report.)
* Bank of America NA holds a total of $36.7 trillion in
derivative bets, with 93.8% traded outside of any exchange.
* Goldman Sachs Bank USA holds a total of $46.8 trillion in
derivatives, with 94.4% traded outside of an exchange.
* Citibank NA, the primary banking unit of Citigroup, has
$56.3 trillion in derivative bets, with 97.5% of those bets outside the purview
of any exchange — all direct, one-on-one bets with Citibank's trading partners.
* JPMorgan Chase is, by far, the biggest of them all,
towering over the U.S. derivatives market with nearly double Bank of America's
book of bets — $63.7 trillion worth, with 95.6% traded outside of any exchange.
Which U.S. banks have the biggest exposure to any failures
by their many gambling buddies (counterparties)? That takes me to ...
The second answer — about concentration of risk. Just these
top four derivatives players — B of A, Goldman, Citi and JPMorgan — control
nearly $203.5 trillion, or 92% of all derivatives held in the U.S. banking
system.
And the largest 25 U.S. banks control 99.8%. Can you believe
that? It means that all told, the thousands of other regional, mid-sized and
small banks in this country control a meager one-fifth of one percent of the
derivatives.
This is an oligopoly unlike any other in the financial world
— one that ties the fate of the U.S. economy to these firms' stability far
beyond anything ever witnessed in prior centuries.
Just four banks! Making bets of unknown nature and risk!
Involving a notional dollar amount equivalent to nearly 14 years of the total
production of the entire U.S. economy!
In contrast, Lehman Brothers, whose failure caused such a
large earthquake in the global financial system, was actually smaller by
comparison — with "only" $7.1 trillion in derivatives.
And if you think that's bad, remember that the derivative
exposure of European banks is even greater.
The Consequences
For now, this means that some the world's smartest political
and financial leaders will continue to make some of history's most stupid
mistakes — printing more money, bailing out more sick debtors and kicking the
can down the road for as long as they can get away with it.
It also means that the debt crisis will be perpetuated,
continually resurfacing and continually driving flight capital from the world's
highest risk regions to countries perceived as safer havens, especially the
United States.
Most important, however, the moral of this story for
investors is extreme caution. Invest only in the very best and dump the rest.
Keep plenty of cash on hand. And stay alert to the dangers.
Source: MoneyandMarkets.com
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