Public schools for students in kindergarten through 12th grade (K-12) are financed through a combination of local, state, and federal dollars in proportions that vary across and within states. In the 2022 fiscal year, the most recent data available, spending for public K-12 education totaled $857 billion from all sources.
State and local governments provide the vast majority of funding for K-12 education — 86 percent of all school funding. State governments rely on formulas that distribute education funds among school districts. Those school districts use state dollars and additional revenue raised from federal and local sources to fund individual schools. Although both states and localities apply approaches intended to allocate funds fairly, disparities nevertheless occur. Those disparities primarily stem from the sources of revenues and the varying costs of providing education in each school district.
Funding
% for K-12 FY 2022
State
44%
Local
43%
Federal 13%
The federal government provides support for K-12 education through specific grant programs administered by the states to school districts. Federal dollars supplement state resources by narrowing funding gaps for at-risk students through programs such as Title I grants under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) and Part B grants under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Federal funds made up $119 billion or roughly 14 percent of total education funding during the 2022 fiscal year. That amount has doubled from pre-pandemic levels ($58 billion in 2019) partially due to legislation enacted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which provided emergency relief funding to address the impact that COVID-19 had on elementary and secondary schools.
Title
I grants provide funds to school districts serving large shares of low-income
students. It is the largest grant program of ESEA, totaling $15 billion during
the 2022 fiscal year. Those funds are allocated
through four formulas that are based on the number of eligible students and
several provisions, including a state's target level of funding per student.
Eligible students include children ages 5 to 17 in:
1.
low-income
families;
2.
institutions
for neglected or delinquent children or in foster homes; and
3. families receiving Temporary Assistance for Needy Families payments.
During the 2022 fiscal year, the federal government provided $12.5 billion in IDEA grants to states. Those funds are awarded through a formula based on a state's total population with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21, the percentage of those individuals living in poverty, and the state's IDEA appropriations in 1999.
The federal government also allocated $29 billion for child nutrition, which was used to reimburse schools that provided free or reduced-price lunches to eligible students. About $1 billion of federal funds went directly to school districts for various programs including Impact Aid. In addition, the federal government provided $0.7 billion for vocational programs and $57 billion on the aforementioned programs for which reporting units could not provide distinct amounts.
Over the past century, the local share of education funding has declined, with state funding largely making up the difference. The federal share of education funding has been relatively constant over the last 40 years after generally rising from 1920 to 1980.
%
Funding 1920 1980 2020
Local 83% 47%
45%
State 17% 43%
48%
Federal 0% 10% 8%
https://www.pgpf.org/article/how-is-k-12-education-funded/
US K-12 Students Performing Under Grade Level
Reading 33%
Math 50%
Writing 35% or more
Comments
US K-12 Students have I-Phones they use to Text and Surf on the Internet. They use Lap-Top PCs to type and access School Assignments. Self-Learning is now possible, but is being ignored. Our Students will not be able to “sign” their names, balance their checkbooks or do their own Tax Returns. They will rely on “spell-check”.
US Students are performing under grade level in Reading Writing and Math. They are too distracted with social media and not motivated to learn the basics they will need as adults.
Norb Leahy, Dunwoody GA Tea Party Leader
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