Pensions make Illinois
Property Taxes among the Nation’s Most Painful.
Since 1996, total property tax extensions in Illinois have
increased 52 percent after adjusting for inflation. This increase took
Illinoisans’ property tax burden from around the national average to among the
highest of any state.
Over 6,000 local taxing districts are responsible for raising
these property tax levies, including school districts, special districts,
municipalities (cities, towns and villages), and park districts.
Families across Illinois have felt the pain of these increases.
But what many Illinoisans may not realize is that much of the rise in their
property taxes can be attributed to spending on government-worker pensions far
outpacing spending on state and local services.
Analysis of state and local government records over the last two
decades reveal most of the property tax increase between 1996 and 2016 was
caused by:
- State education funds being diverted to teachers’ pensions
- Growth in local government employee pensions and benefits
- Expanded local government spending – which includes additional payroll, increased salaries and added services
Traditionally, residents expect property taxes to fund services
that improve neighborhoods and raise home values. Instead, this report finds
that less than half of every additional dollar levied in property taxes since
1996 went to the delivery of services that improve home values.
From 1996 to 2016, Property tax costs increased by
$7,577,000,000. In Illinois. Teacher’s
Pensions accounted for 31% or $3,213,000,000. Additional services accounted for
37% or $3,778,000,000. Municipal employee costs including pensions 14% or
$1,400,000,000. Maintaining current municipal services costs were
$1,132,000,000. Bond interest accounted for 7% or $700,000,000.
Analyzing the rise in Illinois education spending is crucial
when examining Illinois property taxes, because some politicians claim a lack
of state spending is to blame for why homeowners see such high property taxes.
Without context, this claim is misleading.
State funding for schools does explain much of residents’ high
property tax burden, but the key question to consider is: Where is that money
going? In Illinois, although teachers and school administrators aren’t state
employees, the state government is required to make contributions to the
Teachers’ Retirement System. Government data show billions of additional
dollars in state education spending over the last 20 years has flowed
disproportionately to TRS rather than the classroom, putting pressure on local
governments to pick up the slack.
The state’s contribution to education increased more than $5.4
billion from 1996 to 2016, an 87 percent jump. But 66 percent of that increase
– $3.6 billion – went to teachers’ pensions instead of the classroom. Adjusted
for inflation, property taxes for school districts went up 66 percent during
this time, according to the Illinois Department of Revenue. Much of that
increased property tax burden could have been avoided had the state’s pension
contributions gone to classrooms instead.
From 1996 to 2016, state pension cost increased $3,582,000,000
and school funding increased $1,835,000,000.
Municipal property tax levies explain the next largest share of
the rise in property taxes. Among municipalities’ most critical functions is
the provision of police and fire services.
However, the growth in spending on
police and fire pensions has far outpaced the increase in spending on municipal
police and fire protection services.
From 1996 to 2016, Illinois property taxpayers sent an
additional $396 million to police departments, but pensions consumed a vast
majority of these funds. Statewide, 81 cents of every additional property tax
dollar for police departments – more than $322 million – went to pensions
rather than police protection services.
This picture is particularly stark in St. Clair and DuPage
counties, where 95 percent and 98 percent of additional funds for police
departments went to pensions, respectively.
From 1996 to 2016, Police costs increased $74,300,000 and Police
pension costs increased $322,200,000.
The same trend holds true for fire departments, which levied an
additional $260 million in property taxes from 1996 to 2016. Most of that money
went to pensions. Statewide, 78 cents of every additional property tax dollar
for municipal fire departments – more than $200 million – went to pensions
rather than fire protection services.
In Lake County, residents saw funding to fire departments cut by
$3.6 million while funding for fire pensions increased $12.6 million.
From 1996 to 2016, Fire Department cost increased $58,500,000
and Fire Department pension cost increased $202,300,000.
The increased share of spending on pensions relative to services
is reflected in the sluggish growth of home values in Illinois.
All else equal, when rising property tax dollars do not go
toward valuable current services, the desirability of a neighborhood does not
increase and the return on housing investments declines, making home ownership
less appealing. Property taxes raise the cost of home ownership, and if there’s
government waste or if the revenue doesn’t enhance services, this can depress
home sales and slow home price appreciation.
From 2012 to 2017, Illinois home pieces have grown 49% lower
that the nation. Home prices increased 15%, but US home prices increased 30%.
Since the housing market
began its recovery in 2012, Illinois home price growth was 49 percent slower
than the national average. Property taxes have been rising faster than home
values can keep up.
Fixing
property taxes means fixing the pension problem. If Illinois is serious about providing meaningful property tax
relief, the state must deal with its pension crisis.
If pension spending had simply grown at the rate of inflation
since 1996, Illinoisans’ property tax burden would be nearly 20 percent lower
than it is today. And if all property tax levies grew at the rate of inflation
since 1996, Illinois’ average effective property tax rate would be hovering
just above the national average at 1.27 percent. (This is without any change in
the appreciation of home values under a less burdensome property tax system.)
Instead, Illinois homeowners are shouldering some of the highest property tax
bills among all 50 states, with a median effective property tax rate of 2.29
percent.
That burden cannot be lowered without a reduction in the pension
liability. Whether in the form of legislation, a constitutional amendment or a
Supreme Court decision, property tax relief means a decrease in Illinois’
pension liability.
Any reform that fails to reduce the burden of pension costs on
taxpayers will hit Illinoisans via their single largest investment – their
homes.
In Illinois, property taxes rose 52 percent between 1996 and 2016, adjusting for inflation. However, much of the rise in property tax dollars did not go toward providing beneficial public services. Instead, a large share of the increase can be attributed to pension contributions at the state and local level. This additional spending does not find its way to the classroom or toward other essential services. As far as the property taxpayer is concerned, it is essentially wasted.
When additional government spending is wasted, all else equal, higher property taxes do not increase the desirability of a neighborhood, leaving housing prices unchanged or even causing them to fall.
As spending on teachers’ pensions have increased, state funding for public school classrooms now makes up a smaller share of overall education spending. That means local governments must raise property taxes to make up for the share of state funding that is diverted from the classroom. Municipal district levies explain the next largest share of the rise in Illinois property taxes. Pensions are crowding out the police and fire protection services provided by these districts.
Higher property taxes year after year to pay for pensions is a losing proposition for homeowners.
Property tax extensions have been steadily rising since 1996, and the housing crisis has only exacerbated the pain that this trend has inflicted on homeowners. According to the Illinois Department of Revenue, property tax extensions increased even while home values dropped. Statewide, residential property taxes have grown 43 percent faster than home values in the past two decades.
From 1996 to 2016, Illinois property taxes grew faster than home values. US property taxes rose 55% and Illinois property taxes rose 80%.
The extent to which property taxes have risen faster varies by county. Since 1996, residential property tax extensions have grown 76 percent faster than home values in Cook County.
From 1996 to 2016, Cook County taxes rose 82%, but property values only rose 43%.
Fortunately for DuPage County, residential property taxes have grown slower than home values. This is because local authorities have put the brakes on property tax levies since the recession, allowing home values to catch up.
From 1996 to 2016, DuPage County taxes rose 59% and property values rose 57%.
Lake County homeowners saw their property tax extensions rise 161 percent faster than the value of their homes in the past two decades. Even during the housing boom, residential property taxes outpaced home price growth.
From 1996 to 2016 Lake County taxes rose 74% and property values rose 28%.
St. Clair County homeowners suffered the most drastic difference between growth in home prices and property taxes in the past 20 years, with residential property tax extensions rising 214 percent faster than the value of homes. From 1996 to 2016, St. Clair County taxes rose 90% and property values rose 28%.
Property taxes have risen dramatically across the Land of Lincoln over the past 20 years. Statewide, property tax extensions rose 52 percent from 1996 to 2016 when adjusted for inflation, with the rise stemming mostly from school districts and municipal districts.
Which taxing bodies were responsible for increased property taxes? Nearly 59 percent of the increase in property taxes went to public schools, 22 percent went to municipal governments, 8 percent went to special and fire protection districts, 3.5 percent went to community colleges, and the remainder was dispersed between township and road districts, park districts, library districts, other special districts, and county governments.
From 1996 to 2016, Public School costs accounted for 59% of the added cost and municipalities accounted for 22% of the added cost.
The rise in property taxes isn’t isolated in just a few counties. Most counties across the Prairie State saw their property taxes skyrocket over the past 20 years.
In Cook County, per capita property taxes rose 35 percent faster than inflation from 1996 to 2016; in DuPage County that figure is 40 percent. Lake County property taxes have grown 46 percent faster than inflation and St. Clair County property taxes have grown the fastest of all four counties, outpacing inflation by 87 percent. Where did all of these new revenues go?
Decomposing the growth in property taxes in Cook County reveals that public school levies were responsible for 56 percent of the increase in the property tax burden, municipal district levies explain 39 percent while the remainder was spent on special districts, park districts, sanitary districts, libraries, forest preserve community colleges and townships. From 1996 to 2016, Cook County property taxes rose by $750 per person to $3,000 per year.
In DuPage County, public school levies were responsible for 69 percent of the increase in the property tax burden, municipal district levies explain 11 percent while the remainder was spent on special districts, park districts, sanitary districts, libraries, forest preserves, community colleges and townships. From 1996 to 2016, DuPage County property tax rose $1,000 per person to $3,500 per year.
In Lake County, public school levies were responsible for 67 percent of the increase in the property tax burden, municipal district levies explain 14 percent while the remainder was spent on special districts, park districts, sanitary districts, libraries, forest preserve community colleges and townships.
From 1996 to 2016, Lake County property taxes rose $1,100 per person to $3,700 per year
In St. Clair County, public school levies were responsible for 55 percent of the increase in the property tax burden. Municipal district levies explain 28 percent while the remainder was spent on special districts, park districts, sanitary districts, libraries, forest preserve community colleges and townships.
From 1996 to 2016, St. Clair County property taxes doubled to $1,400 per person.
Illinois’ property taxes are clearly growing at unsustainable levels. But critics of cost-saving reforms claim this is due to the state not contributing enough money to public education, forcing local school districts to raise their property tax levies. What these critics often fail to address, however, is the key role of rapidly rising pension costs in how the state is able to fund its schools.
It is the irresponsible growth in teacher pension costs eating up scarce state dollars for education – not a lack of state money going toward education in general – that is driving local school districts to hike property taxes.
Although school district employees such as teachers and administrators are not state employees, the state government pays into the Teachers’ Retirement System, or TRS, on behalf of school districts. And while the state increased education funding by $5.4 billion in the past 20 years, 66 cents of each additional dollar went to pensions, not schools.
Annual state spending toward TRS has ballooned to about $4.1 billion compared with $514 million 20 years ago.
From 1996 to 2016, Illinois State pension contributions increased $3,582,000,000 and State school funding increased $1,835,000,000.
Opponents of cost-saving reforms also fail to consider that the state actually contributes a larger share of funding toward public schools today than it did 20 years ago, when factoring in pension spending.
The problem is that pensions now take up more than a third of the state’s contribution to education, compared with just over 8 percent in the 1996 school year.
In the 1996-1997 school year, local governments were responsible for 58 percent of all education funding.
Meanwhile, state pension contributions were 3 percent of all spending on education, leaving 30 percent of state education spending going directly to schools.
By the 2016-2017 school year, total state funding of education had climbed to 36 percent from 32 percent in 1996. But state funding for schools was only 23 percent of all education funding, while state funding for teacher pensions went up to 13 percent of all education funding. Even though local governments are now only responsible for 53 percent of all expenditures – including pension contributions – the growth in state pension spending has diverted resources the state used to send to schools.
To put it simply, teacher and administrator pensions are crowding out state education funding, and forcing local homeowners to make up for the shortfall by shouldering an enormous property tax burden. And furthermore, promises of unaffordable benefits have left taxpayers on the hook for increasing unfunded liabilities despite huge influxes of tax dollars into pension funds.
Despite state taxpayers’ contributions to TRS increasing 697 percent from the 1996-1997 school year, the pension system’s funding ratio grew worse – to 40 percent funded in the 2016-2017 school year from nearly 65 percent funded in the 1996-1997 school year. This is primarily due to automatic cost of living adjustments and pension benefit promises rising 8.8 percent every year since 1987 – an increase of over 1,000 percent over that time span.
If property tax dollars are spent on services that improve communities, home prices should increase with the rise in property taxes. But this hasn’t been the case in Illinois, where property taxes have risen 43 percent faster than home values since 1997. One reason for this could be that more and more of Illinoisans’ property tax bills are going to pay for local government employee pensions every year.
Property tax dollars that are paid to pensions aren’t being used to improve or provide public services. To the extent that these contributions go toward payments to current retirees, these tax dollars are used to pay for the provision of past services. Additionally, many pensioners no longer – or in some cases never did – live in the communities they served, so this money is being sucked out of those communities entirely, without going toward services that will raise property values.
The share of property taxes that go to public pensions rose 125 percent in Cook County, 107 percent in DuPage County, 108 percent in Lake County and 93 percent in St. Clair County from 1996 to 2016.
Most local government employees – excluding school teachers, firemen and policemen – pay into the Illinois Municipal Retirement Fund, or IMRF, which has a statutory funding requirement. This requirement ensures that the IMRF pension share of property taxes remains relatively constant over time. However, municipal firefighters and municipal police officers have separate pension funds for each district, not one fund such as the IMRF. As a result, these funds do not have the same type of uniform funding requirement and have been historically underfunded. The growth in Illinois’ local government pension liabilities has forced many municipalities to increase their pension contributions.
Municipal police departments are spending less and less of the property taxes they collect on protective services, and more on pensions.
Although more property tax dollars were spent on policemen’s pensions than on police protection 20 years ago, the problem has gotten worse. As of 2016, 30 percent of Cook County property tax dollars for police departments are spent on police protection. Meanwhile, in St. Clair County, only 8 percent of property tax dollars paid to police departments are used for protective services and 92 percent are earmarked for pensions.
This is not to say that municipal spending on police protection services hasn’t grown – it has. But pension contributions have grown much faster. Adjusted for inflation, from 1996 to 2016, Cook County spent $35.6 million more on police protection services, DuPage County spent $0.6 million more, Lake County spent $5.1 million more, and St. Clair County spent $0.3 million more.
However, pension costs have grown far more than spending on services. Spending on police pensions grew by $118.7 million in Cook County, $33.1 million in DuPage County, $23.6 million in Lake County, and $5.4 million in St. Clair County from 1996 to 2016, adjusting for inflation.
Municipal fire departments are also spending less and less of the property taxes collected on protective services, and more on pensions.
In Lake County, only 18 percent of municipal property tax dollars raised for fire departments is actually spent on protecting the community from fires.
This is not to say that municipalities aren’t spending more money on fire protection than in the past. In fact, they are spending more money on fire protection in each county examined, except for Lake County. Residents can expect property taxes to keep rising as municipalities try to prevent pensions from crowding out the delivery of local services.
Adjusted for inflation, from 1996 to 2016, municipal governments in Cook County spent $23.6 million more on fire protection services, in DuPage County spent $5.8 million more, and in St. Clair County spent $1.1 million more, while those in Lake County spent $3.6 million less on fire protection.
Pension costs have grown far more than spending on services. Municipal spending on firefighters’ pensions grew by $80.5 million in Cook County, $15.1 million in DuPage County, $12.6 million in Lake County and $2.5 million in St. Clair County from 1996 to 2016.
The massive growth in pension costs to local taxpayers can help to explain why the increase in their property tax bills has surpassed the increase in the value of their homes. When tax dollars are spent on services that improve the safety of the community, home prices increase because the neighborhood has become a more desirable destination. However, when tax dollars have to be spent on things like pension payments to retirees, which do not improve local amenities, property tax hikes can serve to suppress home values.
Local taxing bodies have been asking for more and more money from taxpayers over the past 20 years. But where have those additional property tax dollars gone? In short, not toward maintaining local services.
While taxpayers expect their property tax dollars to provide essential services, only 11 cents of every additional dollar has gone to maintain the 1996 level of services, adjusted for changes in the cost of living and population growth.
Meanwhile, 52 percent went to pay for pensions, employee benefits, bonds and interest, and 37 cents went to other local government spending, which includes things like additional salaries, expanded payrolls or increased services. If Illinoisans today were only getting everything they were getting in 1996 and passed on the savings to homeowners, the average state property tax rate would be cut by more than half.
The amount of tax dollars that do not go to services will do less to improve home values. In fact, a rise in property taxes without improvements in the quality of services can be detrimental to appreciation in home values. Property taxes should provide for amenities that make neighborhoods an attractive place to buy a home and put down roots, such as public safety and education services. This is not what is happening in Illinois.
Municipalities differ enormously in their levels of local public good provision and private investments across Illinois. Some localities have excellent public schools and other public services. Other locations, however, are confronted with appalling public services, less private investment and decay.
The willingness and ability to pay for these services, as well as preferences for some services over others, varies across households. That means if property taxes increase, but those additional dollars do not add or improve services, property values will decrease. This proposition has important implications for the provision of local public services: for example, pension payments to retirees aren’t expected to raise home values as much as spending on the classroom.
In short, payments to retirees can divert spending that would have gone to services that will improve home values.
While other states are seeing rapid house price recovery, Illinois housing prices are still 10 percent below their pre-recession levels. In 2017, Chicago finished dead last among the 20 largest U.S. cities in housing price growth.
Housing price growth in Illinois is still 49 percent below the national average since 2012 (when national home prices began rising again).
In addition, time on the market, or TOM, for sellers in Illinois is still much higher than the national average. This longer TOM coupled with declining sales is an indication that in Illinois, families find purchasing a home less attractive than in other states.
While some experts remain optimistic uncertainty over the state’s economic outlook coupled with Illinois’ rising tax burdens dampen price growth. As the state’s budget problems continue, and the costs of homeownership in Illinois increase, fewer families want to plant roots in Illinois.
Rising property taxes that do not go toward beneficial services will depress the value of a family’s largest investment – a home. Illinois needs to stem the tide of tax dollars going toward costs that do not improve home values. That means dealing with Illinois’ public pensions.
If Illinois and its local governments were able to reform their unaffordable pension systems and avoid the looming pension crisis, the state could contribute more money toward classrooms and reduce its overall spending, and localities could provide property tax relief.
The implication is clear: Illinois lawmakers cannot seriously talk about property tax relief without addressing the pension problem. Homeowners are seeing less for their property tax dollars because pensions take a growing piece of the pie.
If Illinoisans want property tax relief without cutting services, state and local governments need to reduce taxpayers’ share of the pension burden.
So far, the Illinois Supreme Court has been unwilling to allow any reforms in current pensions. It is increasingly clear that the only chance Illinoisans have is to amend the Illinois Constitution.
The state must be able to make reasonable adjustments to public pensions that reflect the fiscal situation in Illinois. Since the constitution does not allow citizen initiatives to amend the pension clause, any amendment must be approved by three-fifths of the General Assembly and subsequently approved by voters at the ballot box.
As Illinoisans wait for an end to the pension nightmare, they are racking up tax bills that increasingly do not go toward educating their children or protecting their safety, their homes, or their own retirements. The provision of services is already suffering in some municipalities because of this problem. This year, the city of Harvey laid off police officers and firefighters in order to cover a court-ordered pension payment.
At some point, enforcing the pension protection clause violates the obligation the state has to protect the rights of its citizens at large, depriving them of the most fundamental government services.
Public
pensions have been overpromised and underfunded. That said, taxpayers were
never going to be able to afford 3 percent automatic annual cost of living
adjustments, or benefit promises that compound 8.8 percent every
year. Due to these unsustainable benefits provided in the defined-benefit
plans given to public workers, taxpayers are forced to pay more of their tax
dollars to pensions every year. Despite contributing 697 percent more to
teacher pensions, 300 percent more to policemen and firemen’s pensions, and 38
percent more to the IMRF, these pension funds have become less and less
solvent.
Politicians’
overpromising has left taxpayers on the hook for massive unfunded liabilities.
In the past 20 years, taxpayers have contributed billions of dollars to these
pension funds, yet their funding ratios are significantly lower. If this trend
continues, taxpayers will be left holding the bag – forced to pay more in
income and property taxes each year for little in return.
Illinois
homeowners are in desperate need for property tax relief. Over the past
decades, Illinois property taxes rose even while home values struggled to
recover. State and local government employee pension costs largely drove those
rising tax bills. Pensions have crowded out state spending in education and
local spending on police and fire services, and the burden to pay those extra
costs has fallen on homeowners.
If
Illinois is serious about providing meaningful property tax relief, the state
must deal with its pension crisis. Whether in the form of legislation, a
constitutional amendment or a Supreme Court decision, property tax relief can
only happen alongside a decrease in Illinois’ pension liability.
Any
reform that fails to reduce the burden of pension costs on taxpayers ignores
the root of the problem. Any meaningful property tax relief for Illinoisans
means reforming Illinois’ unsustainable public pension system.
Norb Leahy, Dunwoody
GA Tea Party Leader
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