The Article
V Convention:
Contemporary
Issues for Congress
Summary
Article V of the U.S. Constitution
provides two ways of amending the nation’s fundamental charter.
Congress, by a two-thirds vote of both
houses, may propose amendments to the states for ratification, a procedure used
for all 27 current amendments.
Alternatively, if the legislatures of two-thirds
of the states apply, 34 at present, Congress “shall call a Convention for
proposing Amendments.... ” This alternative, known as an Article V Convention,
has yet to be implemented.
This report examines the Article V
Convention, focusing on contemporary issues for Congress. CRS Report R42592, The
Article V Convention for Proposing Constitutional Amendments:
Historical
Perspectives for Congress examines the procedure’s constitutional origins and
history and provides an analysis of related state procedures. Significant
developments in this issue have occurred recently: in March 2014, the Georgia Legislature
applied for a convention to consider a balanced federal budget amendment,
revoking its rescission of an earlier application; in April 2014, Tennessee took
similar action. While both applications are valid, they may revive questions as
to the constitutionality of rescissions of state applications for an Article V
Convention and whether convention applications are valid indefinitely. Either
issue could have an impact on the prospects for a convention. In other recent actions,
the legislatures of Ohio, in November 2013, and Michigan, in March 2014, applied
to Congress for an Article V Convention to consider a balanced federal budget
amendment; these are the first new state applications since 1982 and are also
the 33rd and 34th applications for the balanced budget amendment convention. If
all 32 previous related state applications are valid, it is arguable that the
constitutional requirement for requests from two-thirds of the states has been met,
and that Congress should consider calling a convention. Internet- and social media-driven
public policy campaigns have also embraced the Article V Convention as an
alternative to perceived policy deadlock at the federal level. In 2011, the
“Conference on a Constitutional
Convention,” drew participants ranging from conservative libertarians to
progressives together to discuss and promote a convention. In December 2013, a meeting
of state legislators advocated a convention, while the “Convention of States”
called for a convention to offer amendments to “impose fiscal restraints and
limit the power of the federal government.” Also in 2013, the advocacy group Compact for
America proposed the “Compact for a Balanced Budget,” an interstate compact that
would provide a “turn-key” application, by which, with a single vote, states
could join the compact; call for a convention; agree to its format, membership,
and duration; adopt and propose a specific balanced budget amendment; and prospectively
commit themselves to ratify the amendment.
Congress would face a range of
questions if an Article V Convention seemed likely, including the following.
What constitutes a legitimate state application? Does Congress have discretion
as to whether it must call a convention? What vehicle does it use to call a
convention? Could a
convention consider any issue, or must
it be limited to a specific issue? Could a “runaway” convention propose
amendments outside its mandate? Could Congress choose not to propose a convention-approved
amendment to the states? What role would Congress have in defining a convention,
including issues such as rules of procedure and voting, number and
apportionment of delegates, funding and duration, service by Members of Congress,
and other questions. Under these circumstances, Congress could consult a range
of information resources in fashioning its
response. These include the record of
the founders’ original intent, scholarly works cited in this report and
elsewhere, historical examples and precedents, and relevant hearings, reports,
and bills produced by Congress from the 1970s through the 1990s.
Source: Congressional Research Service,
The Article V Convention: Contemporary
Issues for Congress
Comments
With both the House and Senate in
Republican hands, the safer route would be to have Congress draft the balanced
budget amendment and send it to the states for ratification. This would avoid
the danger that if they allowed the states to call for the convention, liberals
would take over and force a vote to replace our original US Constitution with
the NewStates Constitution, written to ready the US to become part of a
UN-fronted global government.
Norb Leahy, Dunwoody GA Tea Party
Leader
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