In the
4th Chapter, the Nation States began to emerge in Europe in 1000 AD.
Modern Europe begins to develop into Nation States ruled by Monarchies. Kings
arose in England, Spain, France, Germany and other countries. City-States and
Duchies developed to rule provinces.
Europe had adopted a Christian culture and monarchies provided capital
and were fully integrated with the Church. Cathedrals were built, but Bishops
and Cardinals were appointed by the Kings, bribing the Pope. Economies were
based on mining, agriculture, trade, construction and military technology. A
skilled middle class was employed by the “royals” and the “merchant class” grew
to expand trade.
Normandy
conquers England 1066
Pope
Urban II calls for the Crusades in 1095
Muslims
defeat Christians in Jerusalem in 1096
Christians
retake Jerusalem in 1099
This
Chapter saw the rise of rivalry, assassinations and Anti-Popes. Political
factions turned the Church into a political football. The main players were the
Kings of France and Germany and the Italian City-State families.
John
XVII (1003)
John
XVIII (1003-1009)
Sergius
IV (1009-1012)
Benedict
VIII (1012-1024) Opposed by Gregory, antipope (1012)
John
XIX (1024-1032)
Benedict
IX (1032-1045) He appears on this list three
separate times, because he was twice deposed and restored
Sylvester
III (1045) Considered by
some to be an antipope
Benedict
IX (1045)
Gregory
VI (1045-1046)
Clement
II (1046-1047)
Benedict
IX (1047-1048)
Damasus
II (1048)
St.
Leo IX (1049-1054)
Victor
II (1055-1057)
Stephen
X (1057-1058)
Nicholas
II (1058-1061) Opposed by
Benedict X, antipope (1058)
Alexander
II (1061-1073) Opposed by
Honorius II, antipope (1061-1072)
St.
Gregory VII (1073-1085) Gregory and the following
three popes were opposed by Guibert
("Clement III"), antipope(1080-1100)
Blessed
Victor III (1086-1087)
Blessed
Urban II (1088-1099)
Knights
Templar founded in 1118
Celibacy
was imposed in 1139
Muslims
conquer Jerusalem 1187
Paschal
II (1099-1118) Opposed by
Theodoric (1100), Aleric (1102) and
Maginulf ("Sylvester IV", 1105-1111),antipopes (1100)
Gelasius
II (1118-1119) Opposed by
Burdin ("Gregory VIII"), antipope (1118)
Callistus
II (1119-1124)
Honorius
II (1124-1130) Opposed by
Celestine II, antipope (1124)
Innocent
II (1130-43) Opposed by
Anacletus II (1130-1138)
and
Gregory Conti ("Victor IV") (1138), antipopes(1138)
Celestine
II (1143-1144)
Lucius
II (1144-1145)
Blessed
Eugene III (1145-1153)
Anastasius
IV (1153-1154)
Adrian
IV (1154-1159)
Alexander
III (1159-81) Opposed by
Octavius ("Victor IV") (1159-1164), Pascal III (1165-1168), Callistus III (1168-1177) and Innocent III
(1178-1180), antipopes
Lucius
III (1181-1185)
Urban
III (1185-1187)
Gregory
VIII (1187)
Clement
III (1187-1191)
Celestine
III (1191-1198)
By the
1200s, Kings were established in Germany and France Hapsberg crowned King of
Germany 1273
Innocent
III (1198-1216)
Honorius
III (1216-1227)
Gregory
IX (1227-1241)
Celestine
IV (1241)
Innocent
IV (1243-1254)
Alexander
IV (1254-1261)
Urban
IV (1261-1264)
Clement
IV (1265-1268)
Blessed
Gregory X (1271-1276)
Blessed
Innocent V (1276)
Adrian
V (1276)
John
XXI (1276-1277)
Nicholas
III (1277-1280)
Martin
IV (1281-1285)
Honorius
IV (1285-1287)
Nicholas
IV (1288-1292)
St.
Celestine V (1294)
Vatican
moved to France 1309
Gunpowder
used in canons 1346
Black
Plague 1346-1353
Spanish
Inquisition 1478
Boniface
VIII (1294-1303)
Blessed
Benedict XI (1303-04)
Clement
V (1305-1314)
John
XXII (1316-1334) Opposed by
Nicholas V, antipope (1328-1330)
Benedict
XII (1334-1342)
Clement
VI (1342-1352)
Innocent
VI (1352-1362)
Blessed
Urban V (1362-1370)
Gregory
XI (1370-1378)
Urban
VI (1378-1389) Opposed by
Robert of Geneva ("Clement VII"), antipope (1378-1394)
Boniface
IX (1389-1404) Opposed by
Robert of Geneva ("Clement VII") (1378-1394),
Pedro de Luna ("Benedict XIII") (1394-1417) and
Baldassare Cossa ("John XXIII") (1400-1415), antipopes
Innocent
VII (1404-06) Opposed by
Pedro de Luna ("Benedict XIII") (1394-1417) and
Baldassare Cossa ("John XXIII") (1400-1415), antipopes
Gregory
XII (1406-15) Opposed by
Pedro de Luna ("Benedict XIII") (1394-1417), Baldassare
Cossa ("John XXIII")(1400-1415),
and Pietro Philarghi ("Alexander V") (1409-1410), antipopes
Martin
V (1417-1431)
Eugene
IV (1431-1447) Opposed by Amadeus of
Savoy ("Felix V"), antipope (1439-1449)
Nicholas
V (1447-1455)
Callistus
III (1455-1458)
Pius
II (1458-1464)
Paul
II (1464-1471)
Sixtus
IV (1471-1484)
Innocent
VIII (1484-1492)
By
1492, the Church had battled its way through 492 years of being corrupted by
the monarchy and was ripe to be reformed.
Norb Leahy, Dunwoody
GA Tea Party Leader
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